[PANCHAYTI RAJ) CLASS VI DATE -18/09/2020
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DATE 17/09/2020
Money and Credit
Question 1. Give any two examples of informal sector of credit.
Answer : The two examples of informal sector of credit are moneylenders and friends.
Question 2. Highlight the inherent problem in double coincidence of wants.
Answer : The inherent problem in double coincidence of wants is both the parties (seller and the buyer) have to agree to buy and sell each other’s commodities.
Question 3. How does the use of money make it easier to exchange things? Give an example.
Answer : In barter system, if a shoe manufacturer wants to sell shoes and buy wheat, first he has to look for a wheat-growing farmer who wants to buy shoes and needs to sell wheat.
Money can make it easier to exchange the things. The shoe manufacturer can sell the shoes for money and then with that money he can bed to buy wheat.
Question 4. How is money beneficial in transactions?
Answer : Money is beneficial in transactions as we can directly settle the transaction with use of it.
Question 5. How do the deposits with the banks become their source of income?
Answer : With the deposits in the bank, the bank use it to extend loan to the borrowers with the high rate of interest. Bank pays less rate of interest to the depositors. The difference is the source of income of the banks.
Question 6. Why can one not refuse a payment made in rupees in India?
Answer : One cannot refuse a payment made in rupees in India because it is authorized by the government of the country.
Question 7. Compare formal sector loans with informal sector loans regarding interest only.
Answer : The rate of interest charged by the formal sector is low whereas it is high in case of the informal sector.
Question 8. Why is the supervision of the functioning of the formal sources of loans necessary?
Answer : The supervision of the functioning of the formal sources of loans necessary to protect the borrowers from any kind of harassment as done in the informal sector.
Question 9. Prove with an argument that there is a great need to expand formal sources of credit in rural India.
Answer : There is a great need to expand formal sources of credit in rural India so that the people can be protected from the clutch of the moneylenders and improve their economic condition.
Question 10. Why are most of the poor households deprived from the formal sector of loans?
Answer : As the banks are not available everywhere in the rural areas and also due to its documentation process, most of the poor households are deprived from the formal sector of loans.
Question 11. How does money eliminate the need for double coincidence of wants?
Answer : Money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process and thus eliminates the need for double coincidence of wants.
Question 12. What is the meaning of barter system?
Answer : In the earlier times, before the introduction o f money, goods and services were exchanged with goods and services. This system of exchange was termed as barter system.
Question 13. What is meant by double coincidence of wants?
Answer : An essential feature of barter system is double coincidence of wants in which, both the parties (seller and the buyer) have to agree to buy and sell each other’s commodities.
Question 14. How does money act as a medium of exchange?
Answer : Money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process and eliminates the need for double coincidence of wants. As money acts as intermediate, it is also called medium of exchange.
Question 15. What is a cheque?
Answer : A cheque is a paper that instructs the bank to pay a specific amount from the holder’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.
Question 16. Who supervises the functioning of the formal sources of loans?
Answer : The functioning of the formal sources of loans is supervised by the Reserve Bank of India.
Question 17. What are the two forms o f modern currency?
Answer : Paper notes and coins are the two forms of modern currency.
Question 18. What is collateral?
Answer : It is an asset that the borrower owns and given to the lender as a guarantee that he will repay the loan. If the borrower is unable to repay the loan then the lender has the right to sell it and get the money back.
Question 19. Define credit.
Answer : Credit is an agreement between the lender and the borrower in which the borrower promises to pay the lender in the future.
Question 20. Which are the two major sources of formal loan for rural households.
Answer : The two major sources of formal loan for rural households are Banks and Cooperatives.
3 Marks Questions
Question 21. Why is cheap and affordable credit important for the country’s development? Explain any three reasons.
Answer : Due to the following three reasons, cheap and affordable credit is important for the country’s development:
(a) It will help people to take credit for variety of reasons.
(b) It will help poor people to get rid of the problem of moneylenders and their high rate of interest.
(c) It will be easy for the people to repay the loan.
Question 22. “Banks are efficient medium of exchange.” Support the statement with arguments.
Answer : Yes, it is true to say that Banks are efficient medium of exchange. People have extra cash with them. Those having extra cash open a bank account in their name and deposit the surplus money there.
Out of the total money deposited with the banks 15% of it is kept as minimum cash balance to pay to the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day. Rest of the amount is used to extend loan to the borrowers.
Question 23. Explain any three loan activities of banks in India.
Answer : The three loan activities of the banks are:
(a) People have extra cash with them. Those having extra cash open a bank account in their name and deposit the surplus money there.
(b) Out of the total money deposited with the banks, 15% of it is kept as minimum cash balance to pay to the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day.
(c) Rest of the amount is used to extend loan to the borrowers.
Question 24. Illustrate with examples the role of ‘loan’ in business.
Answer : The loan plays two different role in business:
(a) Credit plays a positive role when the borrower is able to return the loan amount on time and also made some profit with the use of that money. For example, Salim, a shoe manufacturer took a loan from different sources to complete the order of 3000 pair of shoes. In the end he delivered the order, made profit and repaid the loan.
(b) Sometimes credit is very painful as it pushes the borrower into such a situation from where recovery is very difficult. In this situation, the borrower is not able to repay the loan and many a times caught into the situation of debt-trap. For example, a small farmer Swapna took loan for crop cultivation but due to some reason she faced the situation of crop failure. So she took
another loan for spraying pesticides but the production was not enough to repay the loan. So she was caught in debt-trap.
Question 25. Describe the utility of Cheque.
Answer : A Cheque is a paper that instructs the bank to pay a specific amount from the account holder’s account to the person in whose name the Cheque has been issued. Demand deposits are accepted as a means of payment because the depositors get the facility of Cheque against it, which is used to settle the transaction without the use of money.
Question 26. How can money be easily exchanged for goods and services? Give an example to explain.
Answer : If a shoe manufacturer wants to sell shoes and buy wheat, then first he has to look for a wheat-growing farmer who wants to buy shoes and needs to sell wheat. Money can make it easier to exchange the things. The shoe manufacturer can sell the shoes for money and that money can used to buy wheat.
Question 27. “The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged.” Support the statement with arguments.
Answer : It is true to say that the credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged. It is due to the following reasons:
(a) They charge high rate of interest in comparison to that of formal sector.
(b) Thus the cost of borrowing is high.
(c) Due to high cost of borrowing,the borrowers have to repay more and they will have less saving, which will hinder individual economic development and ultimately will affect the country’s economic development.
Question 28. “Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development.” Assess the statement.
Answer : Due to the following three reasons, cheap and affordable credit is important for the country’s development:
(a) It will help people to take credit for variety of reasons.
(b) It will help poor people to get rid of the problem of moneylenders and their high rate of interest.
(c) It will be easy for the people to repay the loan.
Question 29. “Deposits with the banks are beneficial to the depositors as well as to the nation.” Examine the statement.
Answer : Those having extra cash open a bank account in their name and deposit the surplus money there. Their money is safe with the banks and they get some interest rate on the amount
they have deposited. Out of the total money deposited with the banks, 15% of it is kept as minimum cash balance to pay to the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day. Rest of the amount is used to extend loan to the borrowers. This helps other people to run and expand their business which will increase the individual income and finally the country’s income.
Question 30. ‘Credit has its own unique role for development.’ Justify the statement with arguments.
Answer : Credit plays a positive role when the borrower is able to return the loan amount on time and also made some profit with the use of that money. For example, Salim, a shoe manufacturer took a loan from different sources to complete the order of 3000 pair of shoes. In the end he delivered the order, made profit and repaid the loan. Sometimes, credit is very painful as it pushes the borrower into such a situation from where recovery is very difficult. In this situation the borrower is not able to repay the loan and many a times caught into the situation of debt-trap. For example, a small farmer Swapna took loan for crop cultivation but due to some reason she faced the situation of crop failure. So she took another loan for spraying pesticides but the production was not enough to repay the loan. So she was caught in debt-trap.
Question 31. How is money transferred from one bank account to another bank account? Explain with an example.
Answer : In modern times we have different options to transfer the money from one bank account to another such as through Cheque, draft, internet banking etc. A Cheque is a paper that instructs the bank to pay a specific amount from the holder’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued. In case of a Cheque, a person writes a Cheque in the name of the person in whose account the money is to be transferred. Then it is deposited by the person in his/ her bank. The bank transfers the amount to the person on whose name the cheque is drawn.
Question 32. “Poor households still depend on informal source of credit.” Support the statement with examples.
OR
“Most of the poor household still depend on the informal sector for loans, both in rural and urban areas of India.” Support the statement with three examples.
Answer : Yes, it is true that the poor households still depend on informal source of credit. It is due to the following reasons:
(a) Banks are not present everywhere.
(b) Collateral is required by the formal sector loan providers.
(c) Many a time, the moneylenders know the borrowers personally and willing to pay the loan without any collateral.
Question 33. Why is it necessary for the banks and the cooperative societies to increase their lending facilities in the rural areas? Explain.
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Kingdoms, Kings and an Early Republic
Q1. Fill in the blanks.
i. ‘Rajas’ who let the ashvamedha horse pass through their lands were invited to the sacrifice.
ii. Archaeologists have found huts in the settlements of the janapadas.
iii. Pots to store grain were made out of Painted Grey Ware.
iv. Herders were also expected to pay taxes in the form of animals and animal produce.
v. Soldiers were paid regular salaries and maintained by the king throughout the year.
vi. Both the Buddha and Mahavira belonged to ganas or sanghas.
vii. Ajatasattu wanted to attack the Vajjis.
Q2. True/False
i. Priests performed the rituals including the sprinkling of sacred water. True
ii. Usually, the tax was fixed at 1/6th of what was produced. This was known as bhaga or a share. True
iii. The word kammakaras used for slave men and women. False
iv. Raja composed later Vedic books. False
v. Shudras had to serve the other three groups and could not perform any rituals. True
vi. In Magadha elephants were captured and used in army. True
Q3. What is ‘Sangha’?
Ans. Sangha means organisation or association.
Q4. What was the source of income of Raja of Mahajanapadas?
Ans. Taxes was the source of income of Raja of Mahajanapadas.
Q5. Name the four groups into which later vedic society was divided.
Ans. Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras
Q6. Name some rivers that flowed through Magadha.
Ans. Many rivers such as the Ganga and Son flowed through Magadha.
Q7. Who conquered the last of the ganas or sanghas?
Ans. Gupta rulers conquered the last of the ganas or sanghas.
Q8. What was the most important source of revenue to the state?
Ans. Agriculture
Q9. What was the capital of Vajji?
Ans. Vaishali (Bihar)
Q10. What does ashvamedha means?
Ans. Ashvamedha means horse sacrifice.
Q11. Name the animal that played a pivotal role during Ashvamedha.
Ans. Horse
Q12. What is the modern name of Rajagriha?
Ans. Rajagriha (present-day Rajgir) is in Bihar.
Q13. Name the Later Vedic books.
Ans. The Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda are the Later Vedic books.
Q14. Who was the minister of Ajatasattu?
Ans. Vassakara was the minister of Ajatasattu.
Q15. What does the word ‘Janapada’ mean?
Ans. The word janapada literally means the land where the jana set its foot, and settled down.
Q16. What is Digha Nikaya?
Ans. Digha Nikaya is a famous Buddhist book, which contains some of the speeches of the Buddha. These were written down about 2300 years ago.
Q17. Why the rivers that flowed through Magadha were considered important.
Ans. This was important for (a) transport, (b) water supplies (c) making the land fertile.
Q18. Who were the groups who could not participate in the assemblies of the ganas?
Ans. Women, dasas and kammakaras could not participate in these assemblies.
Q19. What does Varna mean?
Ans. The priests divided people into four groups, called varnas. According to them, each varna had a different set of functions.
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Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners
Question 1. What kinds of cloth had a large market in Europe? Answer: Chintz, cossaes or khassa and bandanna.
Question 2. What is jamdani? Answer: Jamdani is a fine muslin on which decorative motifs are woven on the loom, typically in grey and white.
Question 3. What is bandanna? Answer: Bandanna is a brightly coloured and printed scarf for the neck or head. Originally, the term derived from the word ‘bandhna’ and referred to a variety of brightly coloured cloth produced through a method of tying and dying.
Question 4. Who are the Agarias? Answer: Groups of men and women carrying basket-loads of iron are known as the Agarias.
Question 5. Fill in the blanks: (a) The word chintz comes from the word (b) Tipu’s sword was made of steel. (c) India’s textile exports declined in the century. Answer: (a) chintz (b) Wootz (c) 19th.
Question 6. How do the names of different textiles tell us about their history? Answer: European traders first saw fine cotton cloth from India carried by Arab
merchants in Mosul in present-day Iraq. Hence, they began to refer to all finally woven textiles as muslino. When the Portuguese first came to India in search of spices, they landed in Calicut on the Kerala coast in south-west India. The cotton textiles which they took back to Europe came to be known as calico, which is derived from Calicut. Printed cotton cloths called chintz, cossaes or khassa and bandanna were also in great demand. The chintz is derived from the Hindi word chhint, a cloth with small and colourful flowery designs. The word bandanna is referred to any brightly coloured and printed scarf for the neck or head. Originally, the term derived from the word ‘bandhna’ and referred to a variety of brightly coloured cloth produced through a method of tying and dying.
Question 7. Why did the wool and silk producers in England protest against the import of Indian textiles in the early eighteenth century? Answer: Textile industry had just begun to develop in England in the early 18th century. The wool and silk producers in England found themselves unable to compete with Indian textiles. They wanted to secure market within the country by preventing the entry of Indian textiles. Therefore, they protested against its import.
Question 8. How did the development of cotton industries in Britain affect textile producers in India? Answer: The development of cotton industries in Britain badly affected textile producers in India:
Indian textiles now had to compete with British textiles in the European and American markets.
Exporting textiles to England became increasingly difficult since very high duties were imposed on Indian textiles imported into Britain,
Thousands of weavers in India became unemployed. Bengal weavers were the worst hit.
By the 1830s British cotton cloth flooded Indian markets. This affected not only specialist weavers but also spinners.
Question 9. Why did the Indian iron smelting industry decline in the nineteenth century? Answer: There were several reasons:
The new forest laws of the colonial government prevented people from entering the reserved forests. Now it became difficult for the iron smelters to find wood for charcoal. Getting iron ore was also a big problem. Hence, many gave up their craft and looked for other jobs.
In some areas the government did grant access to the forest. But the iron smelters had to pay a very high tax to the forest department for every furnace they used. This reduced their income.
By the late 19th century iron and steel was being imported from Britain. Ironsmiths in India began using the imported iron to manufacture utensils and implements. This inevitably lowered the demand for iron produced by local smelters. All these reasons caused the decline of the Indian iron smelting industry.
Question 10. What problems did the Indian textile industry face in the early years of its development? Answer: In the early years of its development the Indian textile industry faced several problems:
It found it difficult to compete with the cheap textiles imported from Britain.
In most countries, governments supported industrialisation by imposing heavy duties on imports. This eliminated competition and protected newly born industries. But the colonial government in India refused such protection to local industries. However, during the First World War when textile imports from Britain declined Indian factories were called upon to produce cloth for military supplies. This boosted up cotton factory production in India.
Question 11. What helped TISCO expand steel production durinq the First World War? Answer:
Before the First World War India imported British steel for rails. When in 1914 the war broke out, steel produced in Britain now had to meet the demands of war in Europe. So, imports ‘of British steel into India declined and the Indian Railways turned to TISCO for supply of rails. As the war dragged on for several years, TISCO had to produce shells and carriage wheels for the war. By 1919 the colonial government was buying 90% of the steel manufactured by TISCO. Over time TISCO became the biggest steel industry within the British empire.
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Rulers and Buildings
Question 1. Write a short note on Qutb Minar.
Answer:
Qutb Minar.
Qutbuddin Aybak got this constructed around 1199 A.D.
It has a pattern created under the balcony by the small arches and geometrical designs.
It has two bands of inscriptions under the balcony.
These are in Arabic.
The surface of the minar is curved and angular.
Placing an inscription on such a surface required great precision.
Only the most skilled crafts persons could perform this task.
Very few buildings were made of stone or brick 800 years ago.
A building like the Qutb Minar had a great impact on observers in the thirteenth century.
Question 2 What two types of structures were built by the kings and their officers between 8th and 18th century? Ans Two kinds/types of structures.
First kinds: Forts, palaces and tombs.
Second kinds: Structures meant for public activities such as temples, mosques, tanks, wells, caravan serais and bazaars.
Question 3. Who got different type of structures build? Answer: Kings built different structures for the use and comfort of their subjects. This got them praise. Merchants got temples, mosques and well constructed. Only domestic structures like havelis, large mansions have survived from the 18th century.
Question 4. Who constructed Agra Fort? How many labourers were used to construct it? Answer: Akbar constructed Agra Fort. It required
2,000 stone cutters.
2,000 cement and lime-makers.
8,000 labourers.
Engineering Skills And Construction
Question 5. Give an account of new technological developments used during 7th to 13th centimes. Answer:
Monuments provide an insight into the technologies used for construction.
Between the seventh and tenth centuries architects started adding more rooms, doors and windows to buildings.
Roofs, doors and windows were still made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns.
It was a style of architecture called ‘trabeate’ or ‘corbelled’.
Between the eighth and thirteenth centuries the trabeate style was used in the construction of temples, mosques, tombs and in buildings attached to large stepped-wells (baolis).
Question 6. How were the roofs constructed in earlier times? Answer: Roofs were constructed by placing wooden beams or a stone slab across four walls. This task was becoming difficult if the size of structure was elaborate.
Question 7. What is superstructure? What does it need? Answer: Superstructure is a part of building above the ground floor. It needs sophisticated skills.
Question 8. Which two technological and stylistic developments took place from the 12th century? Answer: From the 12th century two artistic developments took place.
Arcuate style in which the weight of the super structure above the windows and doors was carried by arches.
Limestone cement came into use. This high quality cement mixed with stone chips hardened into concrete. This made construction of big structures easier and faster.
Temple construction in the Early Eleventh Century
Question 9. Name three ruling dynasties of Southern India and mention names of temples constructed by them. Answer: The three ruling dynasties of Southern India and names of the famous
temples constructed by them are given below:
Question10. Give an account of temple construction in the early eleventh century. Answer: Temple Construction in the Early Eleventh Century: Mahadeva Temple:
The Kandariya Mahadeva temple dedicated to Shiva was constructed in 999 by the King Dhangadeva of the Chandela dynasty.
An ornamented gateway led to an entrance, and the main hall. It is called Mahamandapa.
Here dances were performed.
The image of the chief deity was kept in the main shrine, called garbhagriha.
This was the place for ritual worship where only the king, his immediate family and priests gathered.
The Khajuraho complex contained royal temples, here commoners were not allowed entry.
The temples were decorated with elaborately carved sculptures.
Rajarajeshvara Temple:
The Rajarajeshvara temple at Thanjavur had the tallest shikhara amongst temples of its time.
Construction of this temple was difficult because there were no cranes in those days.
The 90 tonne stone for the top of the shikhara was too heavy to lift manually.
The architects built an inclined path to the top of the temple.
They placed the boulder on rollers and rolled it all the way to the top.
The path started more than four kilometres away so that it would not be too steep.
This was demolished after the construction.
But the residents of the area remembered the experience of the construction of the temple for a long time.
Even today a village near the temple is called Charupallam, the “Village of the Incline”.
Building Temples, Mosques and Tanks
Question 11. Why were temples and mosques beautifully constructed? Ans. Temples and mosques were beautifully constructed because of the following reasons:
They were the places of worship.
They also meant to demonstrate power, wealth and devotion of the patron- mostly the kings and emperors.
Question1 2. Which temple was constructed by Rajarajadeva? Answer: The temples communicated the importance of a king in following manner.
Name of the temples and the king were almost similar
Examples: King: Rajarajadeva.
Temple: Rajarajeshvara.
God: Rajarajeshvaram
The main Gods were identical in name with the kings.
Lesser deities were gods and goddesses of the allies and subordinates of the ruler.
Temple was the miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies.
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Working of Institutions
Question 1. Name the three organs of the Government. Answer:
Executive
Legislative
Judiciary
Question 2. Who is the head of the state and the head of the government? Answer: The President is the head of the state whereas Prime Minister is the head of the government.
Question 3. What is a Parliament? Name the two houses of the Parliament. Answer: It is the supreme law making body of India. It has two Houses :
Lok Sabha
Rajya Sabha.
Question 4. What are institutions? Answer: The arrangements which are made in modern democracies to run the government.
Question 5. Name any three institutions responsible to run the democratic government in India. Answer:
The Prime Minister and the Cabinet.
The Civil Servant.
The Supreme Court.
Question 6. Name the institution where disputes between citizens and the government are finally settled. Answer: The Supreme Court.
Question 7. Why democratic governments insist on institutions? Give two reasons. Answer:
Institutions involve rules and regulations.
Institutions bind the hands of the rulers as these involve meetings, committees and routines.
Question 8. Which House has more power regarding the money bill? Give reason. Answer: The Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget of any other money related law, the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha can only delay it by 14 days or suggest changes, in it. The Lok Sabha may or may not accept these changes.
Question 9. Explain No Confidence Motion. Answer: Only a person who enjoys the support of the majority of the members of the Lok Sabha is appointed as the Prime Minister. If a no confidence motion is moved in the Lok Sabha, and passed, then,the Government has to resign.
Question 10. With reference to the Rajya Sabha answer the following questions: (i) What is its power relating to money bill? (ii) Can it pass a No-Confidence Motion? Answer: (i) A Money bill can originate only in the Lok Sabha. When it is sent to the Rajya Sabha, it cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha can delay it for 14 days. (ii) No, Rajya Sabha cannot pass the No-confidence Motion.
Question 11. Define Executive.
Answer: At different levels of any government we find functionaries who take day-to-day decisions, but do not exercise the supreme power on behalf of the people. All those functionaries are collectively known as the executive.
Question 12. Who appoints the Prime Minister? Answer: The Prime Minister is appointed by the President.
Question 13. What is the tenure of the Prime Minister? Answer: The Prime Minister does not have a fixed tenure. Normally a Prime Minister is elected for 5 years, but remains in power till he enjoys the majority support.
Question 14. Who are Cabinet Ministers?
Answer: They are usually the top level leaders of the ruling party or parties, who are in charge of the major ministries like Defence, Railway, Foreign Affairs etc. Normally, all the major decisions are taken by these ministers.
Question 15. What is judiciary?
Answer: All the courts at different levels in a country are called the judiciary.
Question 16. Which is the highest court of India? Answer: The Supreme Court.
Question 17. “The Constitution of India has made necessary provisions for ensuring independence of judiciary.” Justify your answer by giving two reasons. Answer:
The judges are appointed by the executive on the basis of the prescribed qualifications, and according to a well established procedure.
The Judges cannot be removed at the whims of the executive.
Question 18. Who appoints the Chief Justice of India and the other judges? Answer: The President of India appoints the Chief Justice of India. The President consults other Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts while making appointments of other judges.
Question 19. State any two powers of the Supreme Court of India. Answer:
The Supreme Court acts as the guardian of fundamental rights.
It acts as a guardian of the Constitution.
Question 20. What is the composition of Indian judiciary? Answer:
The Supreme Court.
The High Court.
The District Court.
Question 21. Why is there a need for political institutions? [CBSE 2014,15] Answer:
To take decisions : Countries need political institutions to take decisions regarding the welfare of the people. Institutions formulate various policies and programmes.
Implementation : The decisions which have been taken are to be implemented. So countries need institutions to implement the decisions.
To solve the disputes : Institutions are also needed to solve the disputes between various institutions.
To take right decisions : Institutions help the governments to take the right decisions.
welfare schemes.
Question 22. What is public interest litigation? What is its importance? Answer: Any one can approach the courts if public interest is hurt by the actions of government. This is called the public interest litigation. The courts intervene to prevent the misuse of the government’s power to make decisions. They check the malpractices on the part of public officials.
Question 23. What is job reservation? What is its importance? Answer: Under job reservation policy some percentage of total government job vacancies are reserved for people and communities who are economically or socially backward. Job reservation policy give a fair opportunity to those communities who so far had not adequately been represented in government employment.
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